Dog bites are a global public health problem. Much of what was known in 2017 is summarized in a book called Dog Bites: Comprehensive Data and Interdisciplinary Analyses.1.2
I recently read a detailed ethological study by Sara C. Owczarczak-Garstecka and her colleagues: "Online videos indicate human and dog behaviour preceding dog bites and the context in which bites occur." This extremely important essay is available online, so here are a few snippets to whet your appetite for more.
The researchers analyzed 143 YouTube videos lasting more than five seconds, paying careful attention to the context of bites, bite severity, and victim and dog characteristics. For 56 of them, they coded the behavior of humans and dogs before the bites.
Some of their data can be seen below. These graphs refer to the behavior of dogs who bit people.
Patterns of changes in dog body carriage (ears and body posture), dog behavior (head/ body turning, staring, stiffening, frowning, snapping, panting, lip licking, paw lifting) preceding the bite. Dots indicate observed proportions, lines represent 3-point moving averages, and the shaded area the 95% confidence intervals for the observations.
Source: "Online videos indicate human and dog behaviour preceding dog bites and the context in which bites occur." Open access
These graphs refer to the behavior of humans who were bitten.
Patterns of changes in human behavior (petting, restraining, and standing over the dog) preceding the bite. Dots indicate observed proportions, lines represent 3-point moving averages, and the shaded area has 95% confidence intervals for the observations.
Source: "Online videos indicate human and dog behaviour preceding dog bites and the context in which bites occur." Open access.
Here is a general summary of these data.
- No significant differences in bite severity were observed between contexts.
- Male victims were more numerous across all bite contexts.
- Only the age of the victim was predictive of bite severity: adults were bitten more severely than infants and infants more severely than children.
- Children and infants were considerably more common victims than adults. Most bites were to the limbs, followed by bites to the face and neck area. Bites to the face and neck area were more common among children and infants, which is also consistent with earlier reports.1,10,11,27 (Numbers refer to references in the essay.)
- Non-neutral dog body posture and some displacement and appeasem*nt behaviors increased approximately 20 seconds before the bite and humans made more tactile contact with dogs 21 seconds before the bite.
- From nine seconds before the bite, more codes for movement away from the dog were noted.
- Bites during play and benign interactions were particularly common, as reported before.10,14,16,18,24,50 (Numbers refer to references in the essay).
- Standing over a dog, petting, and restraining a dog were seen proportionally more frequently closer to the bite, increasing approximately 20–30 seconds before.
The researchers did not include a breed as a predictor of bites because of problems in recognizing a breed based on visual characteristics and a small number of dogs in each of their categories.
What do these data mean? Listen to what dogs are telling us and give them room to say no or consent to our presence and if and how we approach and touch them.
This is an extremely important study with many practical implications. Learning about the contexts in which dog bites occur demands careful scrutiny. The researchers noted the limitations of their database, but their data also reflects what has been learned in previous studies.
They also stressed that they do not offer causal explanations for why dogs bite in certain contexts but note that touching a dog increases approximately 20 seconds before a bite, as does standing or leaning over a dog. Some of their sage advice includes not leaning over a dog and, when in doubt, avoiding a dog.
I look forward to more ethological analyses of dog bites to see just how robust these data are. I imagine that further research will show some similar patterns of human and dog behavior preceding a good number of dog bites—many dogs I know don't like intrusions into their personal space—but more subtle aspects of dog-human interactions will also be detected that can figure into ways to prevent dog bites.
Dogs aren't unconditional lovers—love muffins—who can be approached and touched whenever and wherever people want to have close contact. Similar to humans, dogs can have good and bad days, and my advice, even with familiar dogs, is for humans to be very careful about abruptly entering into their personal space and that they shouldn't touch or hug a dog until they're certain that the dog consents to be touched on their terms.
It's best to approach dogs slowly and get a good read on what they're thinking and feeling at the moment—even dogs you know well—and wait to touch or pat them. Get a good feel for where the dog is—are they cornered, or do they have room to avoid you if they choose to do so?
You can also ask their human how their dog is doing. Many times when I've asked someone how their dog is feeling—familiar or not—I learn that the dog is out of sorts for any number of reasons. So I talk softly to the dog and don't approach or touch them. Dogs must have a say in how they're treated, just as you like your feelings to be honored.
All in all, when you're unsure about what's happening in a dog's head or heart, leave them alone. Don't approach or lean over them and keep your hands off them—a win-win for all.
Facebook image: Grisha Bruev/Shutterstock
References
1) Detailed statistics on the incidence of dog bites can be seen here. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes, "Dog bites account for tens of millions of injuries annually; the highest risk is among children...There are no global estimates of dog bite incidence, however studies suggest that dog bites account for tens of millions of injuries annually. In the United States of America for example, approximately 4.5 million people are bitten by dogs every year. Of these, nearly 885 000 seek medical care; 30 000 have reconstructive procedures; 3–18% develop infections and between 10 and 20 fatalities occur. Other high-income countries such as Australia, Canada and France have comparable incidence and fatality rates."
2) When I asked the editors of this book to summarize the data in their encyclopedic book they said: "Oh that’s a hard one—the main thing to appreciate is that we know very little with much confidence—generally the data are very poor, but that does not mean that all solutions are equally valid...If we can be more critical we can perhaps at least have better pragmatic solutions until the research catches up.
Dog Bites: Comprehensive Data and Interdisciplinary Analyses.
Do Dogs Really Bite Someone for "No Reason at All"? Take Two.
Holly Bites Cesar: When You Hit a Dog There's a Price to Pay.
Hugging a Dog Is Just Fine When Done With Great Care.
Do Pets Really Unconditionally Love and Unwind Us?
